Mediaeval Magic: In the belief of the mediaeval professors of the science of magic, it conferred upon the adept power over angels, demons, elementary spirits and the souls of the dead, the possession of esoteric wisdom, and actual knowledge of the discovery and use of the latent forces and undeveloped energies resident in man. This was supposed to be accomplished by a combination of will and aspiration, which by sheer force germinate a new intellectual faculty of psychological perception, enabling the adept to view the wonders of a new world and communicate with its inhabitants. To accomplish this the ordinary faculties were almost invariably heightened by artificial means. The grandeur of the magical ritual overwhelmed the neophyte, and wondrously quickened his senses. Ceremonial magic Was a marvellous spur to the latent faculties of man's psychic nature, just as were the rich concomitants of religious mysticism. In the mediceval mind, as in other periods of man's history, it was thought that magic could be employed both for good and evil purposes,—its branches being designated " white," and " black," as it is used for benevolent or wicked ends. The term " red " magic is also occasionally employed, as indicating a more exalted type of the art, but the designation is fanciful. White magic, to a great extent, concerned itself with the evocation of angelic forces and of the spirits of the elements. The angelology of the Catholic Church was undoubtedly derived from the ancient faith of Israel, which in turn was indebted to Egypt and Babylon; and the Alexandrian system of successive emanations from the one and eternal substance, evolved a complex hierarchy of angels, all of whom appear to have been at the bidding of him who was in possession of the Incommunicable Name,—a concept borrowed purely from that of the Name of Power so greatly made use of in Egyptian magic (See Egypt.) The letters which composed this name were thought to possess a great measure of occult significance, and a pawer which in turn appears to have been reflected upon the entire Hebrew alphabet (See KabalaJ, which was thus endowed with mystical meaning, each of the letters representing a vital and creative number. Just as a language is formed from the letters of its alphabet, so from the secret powers which resided in the Hebrew alphabet, were evolved magical variations. From the letter •' aleph " to that of " jod " the angelical world was symbolised. From " caf " to '' tsed " were represented the several orders of angels who inhabited the various spheres, each of which was under the direction of a particular intelligence. From " tsed " to " thau " is in secret correspondence with the elemental world; so that there were intelligences in correspondence with each of the Hebrew letters,—" aleph " with the Haioth-ha-kodesch of the seraphim, the first and supreme angelical rank; " beth " the second letter with the ophanim or angels of the second order ; " gimel " with the aralim or angels of the third order, and so on to the tenth letter " jod," which com pletes the enumeration of the angelical spheres. The rest of the Hebrew alphabet, however, corresponds to individual principalities and powers—all of whom hold an important place in the mystical universe. Thus " caf " the eleventh letter is in correspondence with Mettatron who belongs to the first heaven of the astronomic world. Final;l caf," the next letter, corresponds to the intelligences of the secret order whose supreme chief is Raziel; and " lamed " the twelfth letter corresponds to those of the third sphere, that of Saturn, whose lord is Schebtaiel; and so on: these intelligences under their queen, with the sixteenth letter " ain " and " pe " the seventeenth of the Hebrew alphabet, refer to the first of the mystical elements —that of Fire, which is ruled over by the seraphim. Final " pe " corresponds to the air where dwell the sylphs, who are presided over by Ariel. " Tsade " refers to water where dwell the nymphs under their queen Tharsis; and " koph " corresponds to earth, the sphere of the gnomes, ruled over by the cherubim. The twentieth letter " resh " applies to the animal kingdom, including man. '' Shin " corresponds to the vegetable world. " Tau" the last symbol of the Hebrew alphabet refers to the world of minerals. There are besides these many other species of angels and powers, as will be seen from reference to the articles on " Angels" and " Kabala." More exalted intelligences were conjured by rites to be found in the ancient book known as the Key of Solomon, and perhaps the most satisfactory collection of formulas for the invocation of the higher angels is that included in the anonymous Theosophia Pneumatica, published at Frankfort in 1686, which bears a strong family resemblance to the Treatise on Magic by Arbatel. The names in this work do not tally with those which have been already given, but as it is admitted by occult students that the names of all unseen beings are really unknown to humanity, this does not seem of such importance as it might at first sight. It would seem that such spiritual knowledge as the medieval magus was capable of attaining was insufficient to raise him above the intellectual limitations of his time, so that the work in question possesses all the faults of its age and type. But that is not to say that it is possessed of no practical value; and it may be taken as well-illustrating the white magic of medieval times. It classifies the names of the angels under the title of Olympic or Celestial Spirits, who abide in the firmament and constellations: they administer inferior destinies and accomplish and teach whatever is portended by the several stars in which they
are insphered. They are powerless to act without a special command from the Almighty. The stewards of Heaven are seven in number—Arathron, Bethor, Phaleg, Och, Hagith, Ophiel, and Phul. Each of them has a numerous host at his command, and the regions in which they dwell are 196 in all. Arathron appears on Saturday at the first hour, and answers for his territory and its inhabitants ; as do the others, each at his own day and hour : and each presides for a period of 490 years. The functions of Bethor began in the fiftieth year before the birth of Christ 430. Phagle reigned till A.D. 920; Och till the year 1410; Hagith governed until A.D. 1900. The others follow in succession. These intelligences are-the stewards of all the elements, energising the firmament and, with their armies, depending from each other in a regular hierarchy. The names of the minor Olympian spirits are interpreted in divers ways, but those alone are powerful which they themselves give, which are adapted to the end for which they have been summoned. Generic-ally, they are called Astra, and their power is seldom prolonged beyond one hundred and forty years. The heavens and their inhabitants come voluntarily to man and often serve against even the will of man, but how much more if we implore their ministry. That evil and troublesome spirits also approach men is accomplished by the cunning of the devil, at times by conjuration or attraction, and frequently as a penalty for sins ; therefore, shall he who would abide in familiarity with celestial intelligences take pains to avoid every serious sin; he shall diligently pray for the protection of God to vanquish the impediments and schemes of Diabolus, and God will ordain that the devil himself shall work to the direct profit of the Theoso-phist. Subject to Divine Providence, some spirits have power over pestilence and famine, some are destroyers of cities, like those of Sodom and Gomorrah, some are rulers over kingdoms, some guardians of provinces, some of a single person. The spirits are the ministers of the word of God, of the Church and its members, or they serve creatures in material things, sometimes to the salvation of soul and body, or, again, to the ruin of both. But nothing, good or bad, is done without knowledge, order,, and administration.
It is unnecessary to follow the angelical host farther here, as we have outlined it elsewhere. Many preparations, however, are described by the author of the Theosophia Pneumatica for the successful evocation of these exalted beings. The magus must ponder during his period of initiation on the method of attaining the true knowledge of God, both by night and day. He must know the laws of the cosmos, and the practical secrets which may be gleaned from the study of the visible and invisible creatures of God. He must further know himself, and be able to distinguish between his mortal and immortal parts, and. the several spheres to which they belong. Both in his mortal and immortal natures, he shall strive to love God, to adore and to fear him in spirit and in truth. He must sedulously attempt to find out whether he is fitted for the practice of magic, and if so to what branch he should turn his talents, experimenting in all to discover in which he is most naturally gifted. He must hold inviolate such secrets as are communicated to him by spirits, and he must accustom himself to their evocation. He must keep himself, however, from the least suspicion of diabolical magic,. which has to do with Satan, and which is the perversion of the theurgic power concealed in the word of God. When he has fulfilled these conditions, and before he proceeds to the practice of his art, he should devote a prefatory period to deep contemplation on the high business which he has voluntarily taken in hand, and must present himself before God with a pure heart, undefiled mouth and innocent hands. He must bathe frequently and wear clean garments, confess his sins and abstain from wine for the space of three days. On the eve of operation, he must dine sparely at noon, and sup on bread and water, and on the day he has chosen for the invocation he must seek a retired and uncontaminated spot, entirely free from observation. After offering up prayer, he compels the spirit which he has chosen to appear : that is, he has passed into a condition, when it is impossible that the spirit should remain invisible to him. On the arrival of the angel, the desire of the magus is briefly communicated to him, and his answer is written down. More than three questions should not be asked, and the angel is then dismissed into his special sphere. Besides having converse with angels, the magus had also power over the spirits of the elements. The reader is referred to the special article upon these, and we shall confine ourselves in this place to describing the manner of their evocation. To obtain power over the salamanders for example, the Comte de Gabalis gives the following receipt: " If you would recover empire over the salamanders, purify and exalt the natural fire that is within you. Nothing is required for this purpose but the concentration of the Fire of the World by means of concave mirrors in a globe of glass. In that globe is formed the ' solary ' powder, which being of itself purified from the mixture of other elements, and being prepared according to Art becomes in a very short time a sovereign process for the exaltation of the fire that is within you, and transmutes you into an igneous nature." There is very little matter extant to show in what manner the evocation of Elementary spirits was undertaken, and no ritual has survived which will acquaint us with the method of communicating with them. In older writers it is difficult to distinguish between angels and elementary spirits, and it is probable that the lesser angels of the older magicians were the sylphs of Paracelsus, and the more modern professors of the art. The lower hierarchies of the elementary spirits were also frequently invoked by the black magician. Eliphas Levi provides a method for the interrogation and government of elementary spirits ; but he does not acquaint us with its source, and it is merely fragmentary. '• It is necessary," he says, " in order to dominate these intelligences, to undergo the four trials of ancient initiation, and as these are unknown, their room must be supplied by similar tests. To approach the salamanders, therefore, one must expose himself in a burning house. To draw near the sylphs he must cross a precipice on a plank, or ascend a lofty mountain in a storm; and he who would win to the abode of the undines must plunge into a cascade or whirlpool. Thus power being acquired through courage and indomitable energy this fire, earth and water must be consecrated and exorcised."
The air is exorcised by the sufflation of the four cardinal points, the recitation of the prayer of the sylphs, and by the following formula:—The Spirit of God moved upon the water, and breathed into the nostrils of man the breath of life. Be Michael my leader, and be Sabtabiel my servant, in the name and by the virtue of light. Be the power of the word in my breath, and I will govern the spirits of this creature of Air, and by the will of my soul, I will restrain the steeds of the sun,, and by the thought of my mind, and by the apple of my right eye. I exorcise thee O creature of Air, by the Petagrammaton, and in the name Tetragrammaton, wherein are steadfast will and well-directed faith. Amen. Sela. So be it.
Water is exorcised by the laying on of hands, by breathing and by speech, and by mixing sacred salt with a little of the ash which is left in an incense pan. The aspergillus is made of branches of vervain, periwinkle, sage, mint, ash, and basil, tied by a thread taken from a virgin's distaff,
with a handle of hazelwood which has never borne fruit, and on which the characters of the seven spirits must be graven with the magic awl. The salt and ashes of the incense must be separately consecrated. The prayer of the undines should follow.
Fire is exorcised by casting salt, incense, white resin, camphor and sulphur therein, and by thrice pronouncing the three names of the genii of fire—Michael, Samael, and Anael, and then by reciting the prayer of the salamanders. The Earth is exorcised by the sprinkling of water, by breathing, and by fire, and the prayer of the gnomes. Their signs are—the hieroglyphs of the Bull for the Gnomes who are commanded with the magic sword; of the Lion for the Salamanders, who are commanded with the forked rod, or magic trident; of the Eagle for the Slyphs, who are ruled by the holy pentacles ; and, finally, of Aquarius for the Undines, who are evoked by the cup of libations. Their respective sovereigns are Gob for the Gnomes, Djin for the Salamanders, Paralda for the Sylphs, and Necksa for the Undines. These names, it will be noticed, are borrowed from folklore.
The " laying " of an elementary spirit is accomplished by its adjuration by air, water, fire, and earth, by breathing, sprinkling, the burning of perfumes, by tracing on the ground the Star of Solomon and the sacred Pentagram, which should be drawn either with ash of consecrated fire or with a reed soaked in various colours, mixed with pure loadstone. The Conjuration of the Four should then be repeated, the magus holding the pentacle of Solomon in his hand and taking up by turns the sword, rod and cup,—this operation being preceded and terminated by the Kabal-istic sign of the cross. In order to subjugate an elementary spirit, the magus must be himself free of their besetting sins ; thus a changeful person cannot rule the sylphs, nor a fickle one the undines, an angry man the salamanders, or a covetous one the gnomes. We have given elsewhere (See Necromancy) the formula for the evocation of spirits, so there is no necessity to repeat it in this place. The white magician did not concern himself as a rule with such matters as the raising of demons, animal transformations and the like, his whole desire being the exaltation of his spiritual nature; and the questions put by him to the spirits he evoked were all directed to that end. (See Magic.)